An "arm" of a clinical trial (study) of a new treatment means the group of patients receiving a certain type of therapy.
The control arm of a clinical trial may consist of patients receiving a standard-of-care medication, whereas the experimental arm may consist of patients receiving a new type of pill.
Alternatively, the control arm of a clinical trial may consist of patients receiving receiving a placebo pill (i.e., containing no active medication), whereas the experimental arm may consist of patients receiving a new type of pill.
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