In their normal state, BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes prevent breast cancer by producing a protein that stops breast cancer cells from multiplying out of control. As the function of these genes is to keep breast cells growing normally and to prevent any growth of breast cancer cells, these genes are considered to be tumor suppressor genes.
Every person (women and men) has two copies of each of these genes in their breast cells. As long as at least one of the copies of each gene in every breast cell is working properly, breast cells function normally.
However, if both copies of the gene have mutations, abnormal cell growth can no longer be prevented. When abnormal growth occurs, breast cells begin to multiply at very rapid rates. Some of the extra cells can invade healthy breast tissue, causing invasive breast cancer. In non-invasive breast cancer, abnormal cell growth occurs, but the surrounding breast tissue is not invaded.
All breast cancers are caused by abnormal genes. The abnormalities, or mutations, in the genes can be either inherited or acquired:
Inherited genetic abnormality. Some people are born with one abnormal gene from one parent and one normal gene from the other parent.
Acquired (or non-hereditary) genetic abnormality. A gene can became abnormal as a result of "wear and tear", through an error in how the gene reproduces, or from a variety of other factors, such as exposure to toxins, environmental effects, diet, hormonal influences, or unknown causes. Acquired genetic abnormalities account for 85% to 90% of breast cancers.
Whether you inherited an abnormal breast cancer gene or acquired it, if you have one normal gene, that normal gene will still work to control cell growth and prevent cancer. But, if circumstances cause that normal gene to malfunction or break down, cancer may result.
A woman with an abnormality (mutation) in a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene has a higher risk of developing breast cancer or ovarian cancer than do other women. For example, women with a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 have a 3 to 7 times higher risk of developing breast cancer than do women lacking the genetic mutations.
Remember, however, that not all women with an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene do not develop breast cancer. Women with a mutation in BRCA1 have a 50% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. women with a mutation in BRCA2 have a 50%-60% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer.[1]
Women with an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene can consider medical options for reducing their risk.
Of course, we cannot control our genetic make-up. Women with an abnormal BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene can consider medical options for reducing their risk.
In addition, there are many risk factors for breast cancer and ovarian cancer that are controllable. The key is to not allow yourself to be consumed with worry. A healthy lifestyle and a positive attitude help to maintain wellness.
REFERENCE:
1. American Cancer Society. Glossary.
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